Pulling Apart: New Perspectives on the Spatial Dimensions of Neighbourhood Income Disparities in Canadian Cities

This study examines changes in income distribution within Canada’s eight largest metropolitan areas. It uses a new approach based on local indicators of spatial association. These changes show increasing spatial polarization between higher- and lower-income neighborhoods in Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa-Gatineau, Calgary, and Vancouver. Although patterns of polarization are less strong in Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Quebec City, some lower-income neighborhoods in these cities are still losing ground compared to others.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10109-017-0255-0